To recap, there are three main points that a luxury brand must address in order to be considered "luxury" by consumers and other brands/competitors in the luxury community:
- The Material: this often translates to quality production and components, all the tangible extras, and typically a premium price
- The Immaterial: this is the symbolic factor; the status conveyed in brand association, group-affiliation, lifestyle buy-in
- Distance: this creates the sense of rarity, limited availability, difficulty in finding or obtaining... all things that lead to building a coveted item or name
The Gucci store in Ginza, Japan features a "gallery" on the top floor where patterns, cutting machines, bag components, images of Italian craftsmen and so on are all displayed. This demonstrates the craft in terms of a high art - the material. But look a little closer, and you'll see that this display achieves all three of the above points, communicating to Asian consumers the luxury brand association of the European powerhouse - the immaterial, and the sense of handcrafted, one of a kind products - distance.
So, what happens if you're not a European luxury powerhouse? Today's scene is ripe with emerging new brands trying to position in a luxury market dominated by the Louis Vuittons of the world. While it may seem that luxury status is limited to the brands who've been around the block a time or two, that is not the case. Today, consumers are demanding a more personalized, meaningful luxury, whether that comes in the form of handcrafted fashions from a local designer, wine from an unknown vineyard with a beautiful story behind it, leather goods from a young leathersmith who studied in Florence. Today, it's about going smaller, more niche, more personal.
Luxury Gets Little
In fact, my sister got married in June and instead of going through racks of the name brands, she had an original dress made from a designer she found on Etsy. Not only is the dress one-of-a-kind, but it's made from reworked materials (we're all into that sustainable, ethical, recycle-ish stuff!). Although this particular designer charges only a modest fee for her designs, my sister got a completely unique handmade dress made from valuable, limited vintage fabrics, and she gets an incredible story to tell.
So, can a $500 wedding dress from an unknown designer on Etsy be considered 'Luxury'? It is to my sister and to quite a substantial following of like-minded brides. The dress is well made, rare, and there is a symbolic value increasingly associated with this sort of homegrown design, very cool in some circles- especially the booming DIY niche. However, the designer is not verified with a heritage or a known reputation (although the social media avenue is working for her!). Once again, luxury is subjective.
So, if you're not among the PPR or LVMH brand superstars (which, as Marc Jacobs' President Robert Duffy mentioned in early 2010, will become increasingly impossible for young designers to achieve), how do you convey luxury status? Let's say you've just graduated from Parsons or Central Saint Martin's, and Naomi Campbell is not walking in your graduate show. In these days of the emerging amateur economy, the self-made man is making a comeback. The model for success may have changed, but you can still take some inspiration from the past generations of powerhouses and build your own star status.
Below are the symbolic qualifiers which legitimize luxury brands in the eyes of the market, along with some tips on how to fake it 'til you make it.
Proving Luxury, or "Authentication"
Heritage
Chanel displays massive images of Coco Chanel in the headquarters and in boutiques, along with Warhol's No. 5 image, or a photo of Marilyn Monroe cradling the fragrance- all illustrating the iconic history of the brand and the pop culture status of a key product.
Louis Vuitton displays old trunks in their shops to demonstrate their roots in fine handmade luggage.
Gucci's website is populated with product, factory and storefront images from the last 90 years to reinforce the brand association with a strong Italian tradition in craft and luxury retail.
The Indicator: Luxury needs heritage. A "slowness" to a brand shows staying power and a timeless relevance. This relevance is often psychologically motivating for the consumer because - especially in the post-recession economy - shoppers want to know that they are dropping their hard-earned cash on brands that aren't going to be done tomorrow.
Hermes is good at this, drawing frequent references to the brand heritage in equestrian products. Chanel is good at this as well (in addition to references to icons of the past): the No. 5 bottle design has evolved slowly over the years so as to demonstrate a barely-noticeable change while keeping the bottle modern in appearance.
The Contender: Even if a brand doesn't have a heritage of fine Italian production that goes back several generations, a sense of history or continuity can be created through association or influence. Every designer takes inspiration from something that came before, whether it is another designer, a creative movement, a personified icon, a production technique, a place or something in nature. In order to build a strong brand identity that resonates in the luxury community, a brand needs to tap into this source of foundational inspiration and communicate it in a way that says, "This is where we originated." Be specific. Be creative. Communicate the story from many angles to make it rich and believable.
Service
This one is a little tougher to explain. The main point of service in luxury is to create a balance between accessibility and distance for the consumer. The role of service is to hold the product away from the customer while beckoning them towards it. It's like saying, "Come on, over here... that's it, come on- now STOP!" After all, part of the idea of luxury is in obtaining the "unobtainable." (As an aside, I believe this is also the reason why lapdances are so popular among half the population.)
Service (personnel, web, etc) represents the voice of the brand - the glimpse of the brand lifestyle that can be accessed by the consumer - and communicates it directly. However, unlike mass market brands, luxury brand service must be extremely sophisticated in how the brand values are communicated. It is not enough to say, "Welcome to ___. Let me know if I can bring some extra sizes to your fitting room." Rather, luxury service personnel take measure of the potential client. They get a feeling for what each client is looking for, make pointed suggestions, and discourage those occasional unfortunate purchases (bad for the brand image), and -most importantly- they give a portrayal of the brand lifestyle.
Ralph Lauren service is American aristocratic in both look and attitude. Prada service in understated Italian chic. Abercrombie and Fitch (right) borrows from this luxury concept, outfitting their stores (especially stores outside of the US, where the brand image is elevated) with chiseled sales assistants and doormen, providing a brand image of the fun American hunk and the prestige of a guarded territory.
This kind of come here-stay back attitude (otherwise known as "the tease") need not only be conveyed through service personnel, but through product delivery and marketing. Thierry Mugler did this with their Angel perfume. It was developed by L'OrΓ©al as a blue perfume, which in itself is not favored by the classic perfume producing community. The thought was that most consumers in their right minds would shy away from spraying anything blue on themselves or their pricey clothes. Furthermore, the bottle design was very heavy and with sharp edges, evoking a sense of danger. All marketing tests said that it would fail, and yet it became a highly successful and coveted item by balancing a close relationship with the customer in boutiques (you really want to grab it- it's so unique and interesting and the fashion pack loves it... and it's price-accessible for the brand) and a strong sense of distance in the marketing (it looks intimidating and difficult).
The Indicator: Luxury demands the type of service that sets the brand on a higher level by providing exceptionally skilled support with the product and presenting an elite attitude without being offensive or overtly intimidating to the target market. A luxury brand is confident in their position (the lifestyle and heritage they represent), does not wish to be all things to everyone, but also acts in a manner that says, "We live in this world, with this group. If you want to be in this particular tribe, we can help."
The Contender: This is not a license to be haughty or snobby towards potential clients. The key is to know your brand image, your brand values, your core client, and the persona you represent, and then... represent that and only that. A luxury brand should have a specific style, attitude, pattern, recipe, heritage, or other defining characteristic which can be conveyed to your clients through your service, product delivery, store atmosphere, website, Twitter stream, etc. Luxury brands go the extra mile in service, both through serving the customer's needs and in conveying the brand image. They should be unbending in excellence.
Status
The visible economy of a brand lies in the way it proves prestige through its ostentation, and the status attached to it. Status is demonstrated through group-affiliation, the degree of ostentation vs. understatement presented by the brand, the display -and recognition- of unique brand values and the buzz surrounding the brand.
A traditional approach to communicating status is made by demonstrating people interacting with the luxury product on a very intimate level, to illustrate how deeply the brand is a part of their lives and personal identities. Hundreds of examples of D&G, Tommy Hilfiger or Burberry ads featuring groups of fresh young things hanging out while wearing the brand come to mind.
A more recent practice is celebrity dressing, which began on a grand scale with Armani in American Gigalo and then swept the Oscars. (Check out Richard Gere getting dressed in Armani for American Gigolo on YouTube.)
Even more recently, product placement has exploded onto the scene, and it's not just your average can of Coke or bag of Pringles on display: today it's couture... enter The Devil Wears Prada, the Sex and the City series, and then the SATC blockbuster movie, and then that second SATC movie that nobody saw.
Video: Sex & The City's Wedding Dress Photoshoot Scene
So, a luxury brand needs some sort of group affiliation to demonstrate status. It's like a marriage: you must choose your group and they must in turn choose you. There are two main points to demonstrating status (and they are not so different from the service points, above): be authentic to the target group, and focus on quality. Every bit of branded communication should say, "This is who I am, and I am the best."
A status symbol that is low-quality is not a symbol of luxury. Attention, brands: you can have a classic or show-off affiliation, be futuristic or retro in design, but if you don't have a defensible level of quality, you haven't got a luxury brand. Furthermore, if the group you claim to be affiliated with doesn't buy into your brand, you're doing something wrong.
*Another point to note: a brand may be chosen to represent a group that is not considered desirable or in line with the brand's image. This typically becomes the catalyst for a rebranding initiative, as was the case with Burberry and the Chavs, but commentary on a perceived misalignment can also result in negative PR, as was the case with Cristal champagne vs. Jay Z and the hip hop community. On the other hand, a brand might opt to realign their image to embrace the new group, as was the case with Courvoisier cognac which saw a sales increase of 30% after the release of Busta Rhymes and P. Diddy's "Pass the Courvoisier" jam in 2002. The group really showed the love in the release of the "Pass the Courvoisier" music video- check it out here. Spokesmen for the cognac industry have credited the hip-hop artists with saving the French liquor (see Palm Beach Post article).
The Indicator: Luxury brand status is demonstrated not solely through the product, but through the brand website, store design, sales staff and marketing. If it's punk status, it should be be the highest quality form of punk and scream it from the mountain top (what's up, Westwood?!). If the brand is based on an Old Hollywood allure, it should work it like Oscar de la Renta. Or combine the two a la Gwen Stefani's L.A.M.B., a relatively new contender.
As an aside on this point, I've been to so many boutiques that have absolutely no personality... or even worse, they have a personality that totally clashes with the brand image they want to convey. A particular store example that comes to mind featured a Japanese zen-like interior which was lovely in its simplicity but did little to convey the upscale American collegiate/streetwear spirit of the brand it was representing. The concept of status was confusing at best, and more realistically was lost altogether within the retail environment which should be an iconic brand temple.
The Contender: Go big or go home! Know who you are. Communicate it across all channels, and seek to build tribes or align with groups that represent the brand image. Be consistent with your identity, and strive to be the best.
Sacrifice
The "true" luxury brands have a nasty habit of seeming to throw money out the window. They depict the destruction or waste of their valuable products to demonstrate the concept that the brand is above a price point: "If you love this, then money is no object to you." You have no worries. Go ahead- spray that champagne everywhere! You can afford another bottle if you get thirsty!
More commonly you'll see a model or celebrity shedding all of their expensive finery and literally getting naked with the product. This demonstrates that the objects being destroyed or discarded are of lesser value to the branded product being marketed. There is no better example of this (that I can think of) than Dior's ad for J'adore with Charleze Theron.
Sacrifice is also commonly demonstrated in branded events where the bar is open, the food is expensive and money appears to be of no concern. This is typical in store openings, collection or product launches and other major sales events, but also in celebratory events marking brand anniversaries and other milestones. My personal favorite was the GQ 50th Anniversary party in Milan a couple of years ago. Hot Chip was playing live, the dance floor was packed, the bar was open, tiny pieces of unidentifiable food were being delivered by tuxedo-ed waiters and James Franco was being herded around the fashion pack by his publicists.
The Indicator: Sacrifice in luxury involves a demonstration that monetary concerns are secondary at best. It's not the money that matters, but the enjoyment derived from the experience. It should be noted, however, that in today's post-recession economy where there is an increased awareness and valuation of ethical consumption, that sacrificial marketing schemes are less favorable among established luxury markets. The showoff trend is still prevalent in emerging luxury markets, while established markets are building favor in more philanthropic endeavors. Then again, who doesn't enjoy a good party?
The Contender: For the newly minted luxury brands, the concept of sacrifice is not often feasible on a grand scale. However, the image can still be achieved through co-branded events, moderate giveaways and events that offer a unique, though not necessarily bank-breaking experience. More typically, the essence of sacrifice can be made efficiently through ads demonstrating a sense of destruction or paring down to the core product, discarding everything else in favor of pure bliss. This tactic is not only a favorite among luxury brands, but is also often the first tactic for mass market brands aiming to re-position in the prestige market. Don't believe me? Check out Nivea's upcoming Spring 2011 campaign featuring a naked Rihanna. The luxury item? Healthy skin.
